Pronouns
Pronouns are words we use in the place of a full noun.
There are many different kinds of pronoun:
Determiners are words which come at the beginning of the noun phrase.- Personal pronouns
- it and there
- you and they
- possessive pronouns (see possessives:- pronouns)
- this, that, these and those
- one and ones
- Pronouns in questions
- reflexive pronouns
- reciprocal pronouns: each other and one another
- indefinite pronouns
- relative pronouns
Determiners and quantifiers
They tell us whether the noun phrase is specific or general.
Determiners are either specific or general.
- interrogative determiners: which and what
- indefinite article: a and an
- definite article: the
- quantifiers
Possessives
- possessives: nouns
- possessives: adjectives
- possessives: pronouns
- possessives: questions
- possessives: reciprocal pronouns
Adjectives
We use adjectives to describe nouns.Most adjectives can be used in front of a noun:
They have a beautiful house.
We saw a very exciting film last night.
or after a link verb like be, look or feel:
Their house is beautiful.
That film looks interesting.
- Adjectives with '-ing' and '-ed'
- Adjective order
- Comparative and superlative adjectives
- Intensifiers
- Mitigators
Adverbials
We use adverbs to give more information about the verb.We use adverbials of manner to say how something happens or how something is done:
The children were playing happily.
He was driving as fast as possible.
We use adverbials of place to say where something happens:
I saw him there.
We met in London.
We use adverbials of time to say when or how often something happens:
They start work at six thirty.
They usually go to work by bus.
We use adverbials of probability to show how certain we are about something.
Perhaps the weather will be fine.
He is certainly coming to the party.
- how we make adverbials
- where they go in a sentence
- adverbs of manner
- adverbials of place
- adverbials of time
- adverbials of probability
- comparative adverbs
- superlative adverbs
Nouns
Verbs
Verbs in English have four basic parts:
Most verbs are regular: they have a past tense and past participle with –ed (worked, played, listened). But many of the most frequent verbs are irregular.
| Base form | -ing form | Past tense | Past participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| work | working | worked | worked |
| play | playing | played | played |
| listen | listening | listened | listened |
- Verb phrases
- Irregular verbs
- Questions and negatives
- The verb be
- Present tense
- past tense
- perfective aspect
- continuous aspect
- modal verbs
- active and passive voice
- to + infinitive
- -ing forms
- talking about the present
- talking about the past
- talking about the future
- verbs in time clauses and if clauses
- wishes and hypotheses
- delexical verbs like have, take, make and give
- double object verbs
- link verbs
- phrasal verbs
- reflexive and ergative verbs
- verbs followed by -ing clauses
- verbs followed by that clause
- verbs followed by to + infinitive
Summarising verb tenses table in pdf.
[An unlucky student almost lost a 17th century violin worth almost £200,000]
[when he left it in the waiting room of a London station.]
[William Brown inherited the 1698 Stradivarius violin from his mother]
[and had just had it valued by a London dealer at £180,000.]
Clauses are made up of phrases:
[An unlucky student] + [almost lost] + [a 17th century violin worth almost £200,000]
[when] + [he] + [left] + [it] + [in the waiting room of a London station.]
[William Brown] + [inherited] + [the 1698 Stradivarius violin] + [from his mother]
[and] [had just had it valued] + [by a London dealer] + [at £180,000.]
We can join two or more clauses together to make sentences.
An unlucky student almost lost a 17th century violin worth almost £200,000 when he left it in the waiting room of a London station.
William Brown inherited the 1698 Stradivarius violin from his mother and had just had it valued by a London dealer at £180,000.
Clause, phrase and sentence
The basic unit of English grammar is the clause:[An unlucky student almost lost a 17th century violin worth almost £200,000]
[when he left it in the waiting room of a London station.]
[William Brown inherited the 1698 Stradivarius violin from his mother]
[and had just had it valued by a London dealer at £180,000.]
Clauses are made up of phrases:
[An unlucky student] + [almost lost] + [a 17th century violin worth almost £200,000]
[when] + [he] + [left] + [it] + [in the waiting room of a London station.]
[William Brown] + [inherited] + [the 1698 Stradivarius violin] + [from his mother]
[and] [had just had it valued] + [by a London dealer] + [at £180,000.]
We can join two or more clauses together to make sentences.
An unlucky student almost lost a 17th century violin worth almost £200,000 when he left it in the waiting room of a London station.
William Brown inherited the 1698 Stradivarius violin from his mother and had just had it valued by a London dealer at £180,000.
- clause structure
- verb patterns
- noun phrase
- verb phrase
- adverbial phrases
- prepositional phrases
- sentence structure
- adjective phrases
Grammar Exercices
Once we have seen the theory, here you have some grammar exercices in order to practise.
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